Quality assurance and Quality control

Quality assurance: refers to the planned and systematic activities implemented in a quality system so that quality requirements for a product or service will be fulfilled.
There are two principles included in QA: "Fit for purpose" in English , the product should be suitable for the intended purpose ; and "Right first time", the mistakes should be eliminated. QA includes management of the quality of raw materials, assemblies products and components, services related to production and management, production , and inspection processes


Quality Control: is a short process by which entities review the quality of all factors involved in production
QC has three aspects :
1. elements such as controls, job management, defined and well managed processes, performance and integrity criteria, and identification of records.
2. competence
3. Soft elements, such as personal integrity.

controls include product inspection where every product is examined visually.

MITOCHondrial EVE!!!!

Mitochondrial eve has been known to a lot of people to be the descendant of all humans black, white, Asian, Hispanic, and all races derive from. in the field of human genetics refers to the most common ancestor of modern humans. Mitochondrial Eve is the mother of all races, she is the mother of all humans today. But here is the kicker Mitochondrial Eve is not from male descendants but are descendants from ones mother side. Mitochondrial DNA  is passed from mother to offspring without recombination, all mitochondrial DNA in every living person is directly descended from the maternal side
. Mitochondrial Eve is the female counterpart of Y-chromosomal Adam the patrimonial and the most recent common ancestor. Mitochondrial Eve is estimated to have lived around 200,000 years ago most likely in east Africa. 

  

Phlogiston Theory

The phlogison theory was put forward in 1667 by Johann Joachim Becher as an attempt to explain the combustion process and the rusting of metals both of which are now known as oxidation.

The Phlogiston theory said all flammable substance had phlogiston within them. It was something that did not have any color, smell, taste or mass that was released upon burning. After everything was burned, only then would the dephologisticated, substance would take its true form.

Animal testing harmful really......BUT it is.

Many say that animal testing is wrong or cruel or unethical by some standards in which they are right. Many cynics might say that if one can't test on animals then would you rather them test on humans? which as human beings we look to better options if we have the best minds in science as we say we do.  Not only are results obtained from animal testing unreliable, but animal testing puts animals through a lot of unnecessary suffering. There are a lot of tests that present harmful elements for animals:


The Draize Eye Test
This test is used to test shampoos, weed-killers, pesticides, household detergents and riot natural gases. The substances are applied to the eyes of conscious rabbits in order to test irritancy. Apart from the cruelty of this test, a rabbit's eye is a bad model and there are major differences between a rabbit's eye and a human eye.

The LD50
Rabbits, dogs, cats, mice and guinea pigs are used in the LD50 test and it's used to test lipsticks, skin-care products such as moisturisers and cleaners, shampoos and nail polish. The LD50 test (Lethal Dose 50 percent) is administered by introducing the ingredients under investigation into the animal via the mouth or intravenously.


Skin Test for Toxicity
Rats are used in this test. Their fur is shaved and the substance to be tested is applied thickly to the exposed skin.


Many say that these innovations involving animals have helped humans use products significantly but it is not right to harm animals period!.

1. reasons why animal testing is wrong: It's unethical to sentence 100 million thinking, feeling animals to life in a laboratory cage and intentionally cause them pain, loneliness, and fear.
2. It's bad science. The Food and Drug Administration reports that 92 out of every 100 drugs that pass animal tests fail in humans.
3. It's wasteful. Animal experiments prolong the suffering of people waiting for effective cures by misleadinexperimenters and squandering precious money, time, and resources that could have been spent on human-relevant research. 
4. It's archaic. Forward-thinking scientists have developed humane, modern, and effective non-animal research methods, including human-based microdosing, in vitro technology, human-patient simulators, and sophisticated computer modeling, that are cheaper, faster, and more accurate than animal tests.
5. The world doesn't need another eyeliner, hand soap, food ingredient, drug for erectile dysfunction, or pesticide so badly that it should come at the expense of animals' lives.

Standard Operating Procedure: How to Make a PB&J

Overview: Peanut Butter and Jelly sandwiches are a tasty snack for any occasion and often even provide one with the satisfaction of a whole meal. However proper PB&J preparation can be tricky and therefore must be handled with the utmost efficiency and care.

Materials & Supplies:

• Peanut Butter
• Jelly (jam would also suffice; flavor is subjective)
• Bread
• Knife
• Napkin (plate or any clean surface would also work)

Procedure:

1. Spread out napkin on flat stable surface.
2. Pick up to slices of bread and lay flat on napkin so that both slices are side by side.
3. Unscrew the lids of both Peanut Butter jar and Jelly jar so that the jars are open and ready for use. Place lids to the side until end of sandwich preparation.
4. Pick up knife so that blade is pointing away from the user, and with free hand pick up the jar of Peanut Butter.
5. Place knife into Peanut Butter jar and using the flat side of the blade, in a sweeping motion, get a glob of peanut butter on knife. Set jar down.
6. Move knife over one slice of bread and with a slight flicking motion, drop glob of peanut butter onto the open face of the slice of bread. Using a spreading motion, use the flat surface of the knife blade to smooth the glob of peanut butter evenly over the surface of the bread face.
7. Clean off knife blade with water or extra napkin.
8. Using the jelly jar and the unused slice of bread, repeat steps 5-7.
9. Place knife to the side. Carefully pick up both slices of bread so that faces without substance touch the hand surface and faces of the bread with substance are turned outward.
10. Press faces of bread with substance together so that the peanut butter side of the bread is pressed to the jelly side of the other piece of bread.
11. Enjoy eating sandwich.

Quality Control:

• Be careful not to press the sharp part of the knife blade to skin or to use knife carelessly so as to gauge anyone or anything.
• Bread should not have any mold on it, nor should the peanut butter or jelly used be expired.
• When putting sandwich together, be sure to align bread so that the shape of one piece aligns with the shape of the other.

Peanut butter or jelly falling out of sandwich is an indication of too much jelly or peanut butter. Sandwich tasting dry or sticking to the roof of one’s mouth is an indication of not having used enough 

The life of a plant

This week in class we learned about giving life...... NOT in that way get your mind out the gutter but in a different sense cultivating plant life and making a plant from scratch. We learned that life is all in the eye of the beholder which in this case was my eyes and with my hands piling up dirt in a small plastic cup. It is so funny how it works one minute we are all laughing and learning about making Jacob's latter and then trying to grow plants. WOW, scientific inquiry is kinda fun when it all boils down to it.

Inductive and Deductive reasoning (whats this all about)

Deductive reasoning: starts with a general case and deduces specific instances.

Deduction starts with an assumed hypothesis or theory

Deduction is used by scientists who take a general scientific law and apply it to a certain case, as they assume that the law is true. Deduction can also be used to test an induction by applying it elsewhere, although in this case the initial theory is assumed to be true only temporarily.

In certain cases we can look at this statement:  All penguins are black, the bird I saw on TV was a penguin  therefore the bird was black

Interesting..........................................................

Another example...... 

Deductive reasoning assumes that the basic law from which you are arguing is applicable in ALL cases. This can let you take a rule and apply it perhaps where it was not really meant to be applied.

Scientists will prove a general law for a particular case and then do many deductive experiments  to demonstrate that the law holds true in many different circumstances.

There is a law against smoking. Stop it now. 

You see how that works

Inductive reasoning:  

Inductive reasoning, or induction, is reasoning from a specific case or cases and deriving a general rule. It draws inferences from observations in order to make generalizations.

Inference can be done in four stages:

1. Observation: collect facts, without bias.
2. Analysis: classify the facts, identifying patterns o of regularity.
3. Inference: From the patterns, infer generalizations about the relations between the facts.
4. Confirmation: Testing the inference through further observation.

Example the percentage of black penguins over time 

one has to collect difference factors over time like, conditions, population, and and food sources.